![]() ![]() Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of psychological and physiological stress and uneasiness between two conflicting cognitive and/or emotional elements (such as the desire to smoke, knowing it is unhealthy). Individuals are compelled to initiate motivated reasoning to lessen the amount of cognitive dissonance they feel. Motivated reasoning differs from critical thinking, in which beliefs are assessed with a skeptical but open-minded attitude. Social context moderates emotions, which in turn moderates beliefs. ![]() In addition, the social context ( groupthink, peer pressure) also partly controls the evidence utilised for motivated reasoning, particularly in dysfunctional societies. Individual differences such as political beliefs can moderate the emotional / motivational effect. More broadly, it is feasible that motivated reasoning can moderate cognitive biases generally, not just confirmation bias. However, confirmation bias is mainly an unconscious (innate, implicit) cognitive bias, and the evidence or arguments utilised can be logical as well as emotional. Motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is an unconscious or conscious process by which personal emotions control the evidence that is supported or dismissed. īoth motivated reasoning and confirmation bias favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. ![]() Motivated reasoning, confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance are closely related to each other. Individuals tend to favor arguments that support their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts these beliefs. Motivated reasoning is a cognitive and social response, in which individuals, consciously or unconsciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Politically motivated reasoning, in particular, is strongly directional, being directed toward supporting individual conservative or liberal (progressive) beliefs. Motivated reasoning can be classified into two categories: 1) Accuracy-oriented (non-directional), in which the motive is to arrive at an accurate conclusion, irrespective of the individual's beliefs, and 2) Goal or directional-oriented, in which the motive is to arrive at a particular directional conclusion. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is an unconscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. However, confirmation bias is mainly an unconscious (innate) cognitive bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence. Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. ![]() Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence. Motivated reasoning (motivational reasoning bias) is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or unconsciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Using emotionally-biased reasoning to produce justifications or make decisions ![]()
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